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Geographical research on education has grown rapidly in both volume and scope during the first decade of the twenty-first century, and one relatively new theme to emerge from this growing literature is that of education and aspiration. Much of the nascent interest in aspiration concerns access to quality schooling and University education. In this paper by contrast we highlight the importance of studying the ways aspirations are (re)produced within the school community. Our empirical focus is on low-income England under New Labour. Here we pursue a two-fold approach: firstly examining how education professionals define parental aspirations for primary-aged children as low; before secondly considering their alternative understandings of appropriate aspirations and the practices through which they seek to promote these, both in school and through the use of Extended Services for parents and children. In conclusion we highlight the importance of inward and outward geographies of education which ‘recouple’ schools with their social context, and discuss the moral and political ambiguities involved in practices designed to raise aspirations.

Some of Australia's leading anthropologists put the Culture Wars under the microscope, dissecting the notion of difference and asking whether this is a useful way of looking at the problems remote Indigenous Australians face. An urgently needed dialogue, this book unflinchingly confronts the policies that have failed these communities and shows how the discipline of anthropology can still provide hope. Contents Introduction: Anthropology and the culture wars / Melinda Hinkson. Part I. The problem of recognition. • 1. Indigenous politics in late liberalism / Elizabeth A. Povinelli. • 2. National anthropologies and their problems / Jeremy Beckett. • 3. Helping anthropologists, still / Gillian Cowlishaw. • 4. The politics of suffering and the politics of anthropology / Andrew Lattas and Barry Morris. Part II. The problem of violence. • 5. The shock of the new: A postcolonial dilemma for Australianist anthropology / Marcia Langton. • 6 Child sexual abuse: The Intervention trigger Francesca Merlan. • 7. Quarantining violence: How anthropology does it / Diane Austin-Broos. Part III. Counting culture. • 8. Re-figuring 'Indigenous culture' / Tim Rowse. • 9. Is culture the problem or the solution? Outstation health and the politics of remoteness / Emma Kowal. • 10. Indigenous education and training: What are we here for? / Tess Lea. • 11. 'Only whitefella take that road': Culture seen through the intervention at Yuendumu Yasmine Musharbash Part IV. Imaging futures • 12 Media images and the politics of hope / Melinda Hinkson. • 13. Other people's lives: Secular assimilation, culture and ungovernability / Nicolas Peterson. • 14. What future for remote Indigenous Australia? Economic hybridity and the neoliberal turn / Jon Altman

It is in the contemporary period of Indigenous cultural recognition that the biopolitical system of policing Aboriginal walkers in Australia's frontier towns has become so normalized that it takes place without public notice, using universally accepted mechanisms for shedding metropolitan areas of the unsightly and unwanted. Ironically, the hypermarginalized hunter-gatherer population can be identified by their perambulation — they walk — a form of urban nomadism that is both desired and reviled. Aboriginal pedestrians who are temporarily not in motion are forced to keep moving but are not expelled altogether, for their presence is essential to the region's wider economic interests. Since Aboriginal pedestrians are “moved on” when entrepreneurial imperatives cannot be met, and since moving is also a means of remaining invisible in the most heavily policed commercial zones, walking is thus overdetermined, a coproduced effect of racial excision and resistance in the ambivalent political economies of the Australian liberal-settler frontier.

Being Mardu: Change and Challenge for some Western Deset Young People Today

Surprisingly little research has been carried out about how Australian Aboriginal children and teenagers experience life, shape their social world and imagine the future. This volume presents recent and original studies of life experiences outside the institutional settings of childcare and education, of those growing up in contemporary Central Australia or with strong links to the region. Focusing on the remote communities - roughly 1,200 across the continent - the volume includes case studies of language and family life in small country towns and urban contexts. These studies expertly show that forms of consciousness have changed enormously over the last hundred years for Indigenous societies more so than for the rest of Australia, yet equally notable are the continuities across generations.

The future of Indigenous Australians, especially Indigenous youth, in remote regions is a subject of great concern to all Australians. The view commonly presented in media reports and public commentary is unrelentingly bleak. While we recognise the challenges young people face, in this book we intend to dispute that view. The prevalent media images, newspaper headlines and opinion pages are so focused on examples of dysfunction that few Australians would ever imagine that many Indigenous young people are quietly leading productive and meaningful lives and moving confidently toward a future while walking in two worlds. Throughout this book you will meet some of these Indigenous young and dedicated individuals who reinvigorate faith in the potential that lies unacknowledged in the remote context. Our aim is to showcase a range of ‘out-of-school’ youth learning contexts in remote Australia, to analyse the factors that enable positive learning and to provide some working principles for facilitating and supporting effective youth learning in the remote Indigenous context.

The Community Development Employment Projects (CDEP) scheme has been a unique feature of the Indigenous employment landscape since the late 1970s. Radical for its time, and still almost unique globally, CDEP has sought to combine job creation, income support and community development goals. While there is evidence it has improved outcomes for some Indigenous Australians, in recent years it has been strongly criticised as a barrier to Indigenous participation in the mainstream (non- CDEP) labour market. Especially since the abolition of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) in 2004, successive Commonwealth governments have progressively wound back the CDEP scheme, culminating in recent changes that may see it transformed from a community managed work program paying the rough equivalent of award wages into a 'work for the dole' program within the social security system. While the implications of these changes are strongly contested, this paper draws on fieldwork on the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) Lands in remote South Australia to suggest that the unintended consequences may be a greater incidence of welfare passivity and reduced support for remote-living Aboriginal people to find non-CDEP work

In its June 2001 budget, the Federal Government announced a new framework for welfare reform, Australians Working Together. One component of the framework is the proposed development of Community Participation Agreements in remote Indigenous communities, to deal with welfare income payments, mutual obligation and related service delivery. This paper presents the results of community consideration and the author's field research between March and August 2001 at Mutitjulu, Central Australia, regarding what such an Agreement might look like on the ground. Mutitjulu presents a microcosm of many of the issues currently affecting remote Indigenous communities. As Mutitjulu residents struggle daily to come to terms with substantial economic and social difficulties, they find their culturally-based forms of social and cultural capital are being undermined by external factors seemingly beyond their immediate control. These include: the continuing failure of governments to develop a comprehensive approach to planning and service delivery, reflected in a band-aid approach to addressing welfare dependence; the debilitating impacts of inter-generational dependence on welfare income; and the multiplicity of local corporate structures and institutions with ill-defined roles and poor accountability to the Mutitjulu community. The failure to adequately address welfare dependence and major community problems of substance abuse, family breakdown, domestic violence, and low levels of education is viewed by Anangu (local Aboriginal people) as directly contributing to a noticeable deterioration in the wellbeing of individuals, their families and the community at large. There is growing frustration over the failure, at all levels, to deal effectively with these matters. The Mutitjulu Community Council has formally decided to proceed with the development of a Community Participation and Partnership Agreement (the 'Mutitjulu Agreement'), in partnership with government and other stakeholders, as one means to begin addressing these matters. The development of practical partnerships with key government departments and local agencies will be a critical factor in the overall success of the proposed Mutitjulu Agreement. It is for this reason that the name of the proposed Agreement has been expanded to include the strategy of 'partnership' and well as 'participation'. The paper begins with an overview of the background to the community-based research, terms of reference and research methodology. The proposed Mutitjulu Agreement is then placed in its national policy context to identify the factors that have generated this particular initiative. The paper goes on to describe the community context for the Agreement, including the nature of the local welfare economy, and Anangu views about the impacts of the welfare system. Consideration is given to the nature of contemporary Anangu social and economic relations, and how the term 'participation' might be most relevantly defined for the purposes of a community agreement about participation. The key components, principles and objectives of the model proposed for the Mutitjulu Agreement are described. The optimal model proposed for participation-one that is overwhelmingly recommended by Anangu themselves-is based on an inclusive 'All in' model that would cover all social security recipients resident at Mutitjulu, under a dual strategy of providing active participation and/or tailored assistance to different categories of participants. The model is based on an integrated package that aims to address welfare dependence in its real-life community context. Its proposed key components are described in detail. These are: a community gateway for participation and administration; a delegation under the Social Security Act 1999; a consolidated block funding and acquittal package; a Community Participation Program; Individual Participation Agreements; a menu of participation activities; individualised intensive assistance and support; coordinated training and supervision; enforcement and appeals procedures-partnering with Centrelink; community financial advice and banking services; a Community Transaction Centre and networked information technology; reformed community governance and targeted capacity-building; the forging of local participation partnerships; national coordination; and an ongoing evaluation process. The paper argues that, while Indigenous communities display important economic and cultural differences which will require the development of a local content for each Community Participation Agreement, every community will have to address the same broad issues in respect to reforming welfare at the local level. The key component goals considered at Mutitjulu will therefore have relevance in other communities. There are significant factors at the community level which may impede the establishment of the Mutitjulu Agreement. There may also be resistance from institutions with vested program and service-delivery interests, who may argue against entering a credible partnership that requires devolving genuine decision-making responsibilities to the community level. However, there are important community and corporate strengths that, if realistically built upon, may assist the process of implementing the Agreement. These various internal and external factors are considered. The proposed Mutitjulu Agreement represents a demonstration project for government's new welfare policy-a litmus test for its ability to provide a comprehensive approach to delivering the necessary funding and program support for a community-managed model, and for its willingness to establish a practical partnership with the community. Development and implementation of the Agreement will be a complex matter. It has taken many decades for welfare dependence to become entrenched in Indigenous communities, and the issues will not be addressed overnight. They will require a sustained 5 to 10 year period of commitment by all the parties. The paper concludes by discussing the key policy and program challenges, and some old recurring lessons, that have arisen during the course of the research. These matters will have to be addressed if a sustainable community-managed Agreement is to be developed. They are relevant not only to implementation of an Agreement at Mutitjulu, but to the possible extension of this new initiative to other remote Indigenous communities.

Uluru–Kata Tjuta National Park is a living cultural landscape. World Heritage listed for cultural and natural values, the park’s spectacular desert landscapes and extraordinary plants and animals draw people from all over the world. Anangu want to share the park with visitors, while safeguarding their culture, lifestyle and privacy, and maintaining Tjukurpa. New tourism opportunities for Uluru–Kata Tjuta National Park will focus on: • off ering visitors diverse experiences and memorable insights into the park’s natural and living cultural landscapes • building strong and successful partnerships between Anangu, government and the tourism industry to achieve sustainable tourism • providing meaningful and realistic opportunities for Anangu to engage in, and benefi t from, tourism.

Staples thesis describes the development paths of remote economies that have been reliant on the export of relatively unprocessed natural resources – the staples. These economies tend to be overdependent on external markets, are susceptible to boom and bust cycles, and can ultimately become ‘trapped’ in their development paths because they fail to convert initial staples export-driven economic growth into more sustainable and diversified local industries. Tourism has often been described as a potential way to escape such a ‘staples trap’ but, so far, has never been examined from a staples thesis perspective. This paper analyses the case of Central Australia and shows that tourism in remote areas can exhibit similar characteristics as traditional staples industries. If remote regions are to harness tourism for economic and social development, there needs to be a better understanding of the conditions under which remote economies (including tourism) can become locked into a continuous export-dependency development path. The paper concludes that using staples thesis as a conceptual framework offers considerable potential to enhance the understanding of tourism development in remote regions. Finally, it proposes a research agenda for tourism in remote areas to facilitate more targeted future research.

Objective: Mental health and social and emotional wellbeing (SEWB) have been linked as outcomes of attachment to country, spirituality, and engagement in music and arts, particularly for Indigenous Australians. It is not clear how this occurs, even though the links seem substantial. Method: We explore how mental health and SEWB may be linked to attachment to country, spirituality, and engagement in music and arts by reviewing literature and presenting examples from our research with Indigenous communities. Rather than abstracting, our goal is to describe specific examples encompassing the rich contextual details needed to understand the factors contributing to mental health and SEWB. Results: While engagement in music is often seen as benefiting mental health because thoughts and feelings can be expressed in less public ways, it can also lead to employment and access to economic and social resources. Attachment to country also shows a plethora of positive outcomes which can contribute to mental health and SEWB even when not explicitly aimed at doing so, such as reducing conflictual situations. Conclusions: We conclude that more detailed, contextual research is required to fully explore the links between creative enterprises and mental health and SEWB outcomes.

Purpose – This paper aims to take stock of existing publications devoted to entrepreneurship education and assess the alignment existing between its generic objectives, target audience, teaching methods and impact indicators. Design/methodology/approach – A semi-systematic literature review is applied; using six thematically separated excel data collection spreadsheets. Datasheets were used in order to reduce the author's bias. A total of 108 articles are reviewed in stages and by categorizing in terms of educational objectives, target audiences, community outreach activities, applied teaching methods and impact indicators. Findings – Scholars in this field of study, though differing in a number of definitive issues, are converging towards a single framework of entrepreneurship education. There is a shift from a start-up view to an attitude-changing perspective of entrepreneurship education. However, with a diversity of target groups, there is still a non-alignment between what educators and other stakeholders wish to achieve in educating for entrepreneurship with the applied pedagogical approaches, and success indicators. Research limitations/implications – The work has some limitations involved with literature reviews. The main noticeable limitation is the inclusion of both empirical and theoretical literature; it would be more appropriate to use a meta-analysis approach. Practical implications – Entrepreneurship education is reviewed in its totality. This is beneficial to educators and policy-makers that are involved in setting or facilitating entrepreneurship educational programmes. The work will, specifically, help to understand problems related to non-alignment in setting entrepreneurship educational programmes; a common pitfall for most of education designers. Originality/value – The novelty of the work is in the use of data collection sheets. This has minimized the author's own bias, and brought some logical quantification into drawing meanings and conclusions from the existing literature in entrepreneurship education.

Anangu perceptions of tourism in Uluru (Ayers Rock - Mount Olga) National Park; demographic, social and economic survey of the Mutitjulu community, 1985-1986; historical background - Anangu contact assimilation policy, development of Yulara; land use policy and the formation of the National Park; park operations; Anangu relations with state and federal governments; survey of tourist industry; and representation of Aboriginal culture by tourist industry; economic impact of tourism on Mutitjulu and regional communities - cultural tourism; conclusion.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the changing dynamics of housing markets in an Australian rural community. With reference to the case of Narrogin, Western Australia, it argues that there is an increasing disjuncture between the social and demographic characteristics of rural residents and the modal form of housing in country towns, namely the detached family house. Factors contributing to this disjuncture include the ageing of the population, the loss of traditional blue-collar employment, sub-regional restructuring of service provision, retirement migration patterns, and growing acceptance of the particular housing needs of groups such as the aged, the disabled, young and indigenous people. While it is clear that there is currently something of a mismatch between the characteristics of the population and the housing stock in Narrogin, it is also evident that a combination of political, cultural and economic factors form a significant barrier to adjustment in the local housing market.

The 17th AMP.NATSEM report examines the social, spending and saving habits of Generation whY? – so called because this is the generation the rest of us probably understand the least. The term typically used for those born between 1976 and 1991. They have been described as frivolous, called the “me generation”, labelled as spoilt and overprotected – as an ambitious generation, constantly in search of instant gratification, but not expecting to work hard for it. But is this fair and are they really that different to their Baby Boomer parents, or their predecessors, Gen X? What, if any, has been the impact on this generation of a greater emphasis on equality in society and in particular the workplace? The information in this report draws from an extensive range of statistical surveys comparing Gen Y in 2004 to their predecessors, Gen X, at the same age in 1989.

The Dynamics of Decline: Implications for Social Welfare in Rural Australia

The project has investigated the effect of declining rural community infrastructure and whether there is a relationship between social and community issues in a region and its economic and environmental sustainability. As some rural towns increase in size, others are withering. Services are either withdrawn or centralised to the larger centres forcing rural residents to change the way they do business and where they socialise. Questions are raised about whether these changes affect the efficiency of farm enterprises and whether small communities are worth saving for more than sentimental reasons.

While much previous work has been done on the general concept of ecological sustainability, there is relatively little that examines the likely spatial aspects of a socially sustainable rural system. Having defined essential concepts, this study first identifies major current forces for rural change likely to influence any future sustainable system. It goes on to specify those features of modern rural social formations which I believe deserve retention. Finally, some essential requirements for a socially sustainable system are established.

When Blainey first wrote the title in 1966, he coined a phrase that has become part of our language. This acclaimed work of Australian history describes how the unique factors of our size and isolation shaped Australia's past, and will continue to shape its future. Contents 1. Search 2. Exile 3. Isolation 4. Limpet ports 5. Whalemen 6. Land barrier 7. The art of abduction 8. Gold clippers 9. Black cloud 10. A magician's art 11. Railway boom 12. A hollow triumph 13. The horseless age 14. Antipodes adrift 15. The shrinking seas 16. Is distance dead?

The current surge of interest in Australian rural social work could subside for the want of relevant literature which is readily accessible to practitioners, students and teachers. This paper has been written primarily to provide a critical overview of literature bearing on rural and remote area disadvantage in Australia. Rural disadvantage is described according to (a) well-being (general indices, income, prices, poverty, unemployment, health and education), and (b) service deprivation (income security, health, education, welfare and essential services).

Rural Land Degradation in Australia examines the degradation of Australia's ecosystems, the problems associated with the increasing use of synthetic chemicals, and the direct and underlying causes of land degradation. It also looks at broader social and economic implications, and places the nature of the overall problem in its global context. The final chapter evaluates some solutions to the range of problems identified. Students of geography, agriculture, environmental science and rural planning, along with anyone interested in an objective appraisal of land degradation, will find this an engaging, accessible and informative book. Contents • 1. The rural land degradation problem • 2. Degradation of ecosystems • 3. Problems associated with the use of agricultural chemicals • 4. Economic and social implications of land degradation • 5. Direct causes of rural land degradation • 6. Underlying causes of land degradation • 7. Solutions to land degradation problems

Whilst the term sustainability has undergone considerable transformation from its original intended meaning, in the context of agriculture it is considered to have relevance to four aspects of the activity; the maintenance of production, financial returns, employment opportunities, and the stability of the ecosystem. This article's appraisal of market trends suggests that the key issue of substantially improved financial returns for Australian agriculturalists is at present unlikely for some enterprises. What is particularly discouraging is that downward trends have persisted, despite the many efficiency gains in agriculture. Further gains from technological developments and trade liberalisation will be limited for many agricultural sectors. Whilst initiatives to reduce land degradation have achieved a high public profile, greater effectiveness can be achieved in this area. There is some scope for significant improvements in the overall performance of agriculture, but the most achievable gains will probably be confined to those specific enterprises that can use geography to greatest advantage.

• Discovery of grounded theory • Generating theory by comparative analysis • Generating theory • Theoretical sampling • From substantive to formal theory • Constant comparative method of qualitative analysis • Clarifying and assessing comparative studies • Flexible use of data • New sources for qualitative data • Theoretical elaboration of quantitative data • Implications of grounded theory • Credibility of grounded theory • Applying grounded theory • Insight and theory development

Despite the overall growth of the Australian population there are significant levels of population decline in some regions. Depopulation has often been caused by technological and economic change. In some cases this trend creates a vicious cycle of population loss, service decline and further out-migration. The public policy maker is faced with a difficult balance between equity and efficiency considerations as regional population decline leads to increasing per capita costs of service and infrastructure provision. This paper highlights regions in Australia which are experiencing depopulation, examining causes, impacts and policy implications.

This paper brings anthropological, sociological and geographical perspectives to bear on the problem of farm sustainability and, in particular, the legitimation of sustainable farm practices. It attempts to lay some theoretical foundations for explanation of the adoption of farming practices which may, or may not, promote sustainability. A brief survey of the literature surrounding these issues finds many of the current theoretical perspectives incapable of fully accounting for the complexity of farming practice. Reductionist decision/rational-action models, in particular, are found wanting for their lack of both cultural consistency and social/spatial specificity. Instead, this paper promotes a generative structuralist approach directed towards an analysis of social and economic practice in lived space; that is, firmly anchored in long-term ethnographic research.