Abstract: This chapter focuses on the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) Lands in the remote far north of South Australia. The author briefly touches on evidence that the move away from Community Development Employment Projects (CDEP) wages to income support payments has been associated with decreased engagement in productive activity on the APY Lands - a similar scenario to the far south coast of NSW and the very opposite of what governments set out to achieve at least discursively. The author explores why the dominant approach might have failed, and attempts to distil insights for future policy directions. Edited excerpts from publication.