Abstract: Australia recorded its largest numerical growth (1.65 million persons) of population of any five year period between 2006 and 2011. While most attention has been focused on the impact of this growth on Australia’s capital cities, 0.7 percent of the growth occurred in regional Australia. This brief shows that there was enormous spatial variation in population change within regional Australia and raises some of the policy implications. The ageing of the population is one of the most important dimensions of population dynamics in regional Australia and presents significant opportunities as well as challenges. Characteristics of Australia’s Population Distribution: •A low population density of 2 persons per sq.km. •A high level of urbanisation – 89 percent live in urban areas. •A concentration within capital cities – 65 percent. •A strong coastal orientation with 82 percent living within 50 km of the coast. •An uneven density – 90.5 percent of the people live on 0.22 percent of the land area with a density of 100 persons or more per sq.km while 0.34 percent of the population live on 84.2 percent of the land area at a density of 0.1 persons or less per sq.km.