Abstract: This paper provides a national overview of the parallel settlement system which exists across Indigenous Australia. Its aim is to provide a context for the physical planning of Indigenous settlements, one that is cognisant of the range of culturally distinct factors that contribute to the unique character of such settlements. The methodology includes an analysis of census data and a review of existing literature with support from examples and anecdotal evidence from the authors' professional experiences. Shortcomings in the existing research and data on Indigenous settlements are noted, and recommendations are made for further research.