Abstract: Eight overarching impressions drawn from the 17th biennial conference are presented which are generally compatible with views on future challenges and directions for rangeland science and management expressed independently in a recent international forum. These impressions relate to loss of research capacity, especially in the southern rangelands of Australia, a need for greater collaboration and role clarity in rangelands research and development, the importance of scaling issues in the conduct and application of research, widespread understanding of rangelands as social-ecological systems, complementarity of production and biodiversity conservation, progress in regional planning, policy as a legitimate field of research endeavour, and a need to question the ‘traditional’ perspective on rangeland science.