Abstract: The purpose of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Education Action Plan (the Plan) is to assist education providers to accelerate improvements in the educational outcomes of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and young people. The Plan seeks to progress the goals of the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Education Policy and the Melbourne Declaration on the Educational Goals of Young Australians and is part of a broader COAG reform agenda for school education that will contribute to closing the gap between the educational outcomes of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students and their peers. It outlines how MCEECDYA Ministers will work together to achieve the closing the gap targets. Non-government education providers have agreed to join with governments to achieve these targets and progress actions outlined in the Plan. It is acknowledged that this sector includes providers that operate autonomously as they are not part of a system authority and will therefore require a more flexible approach. The Plan reflects commitments by governments through COAG to introduce substantial structural and innovative reforms in early childhood education and schooling as outlined in national agreements between the Australian Government and State and Territory Governments. These reforms are designed to improve outcomes for all Australian students by increasing access to quality early childhood education, improving literacy and numeracy achievement, addressing disadvantage in low socio-economic status school communities, improving teacher quality and increasing the number of young people attaining a Year 12 or equivalent qualification. Reform directions are detailed in the National Indigenous Reform Agreement, the National Education Agreement, the Early Childhood Education National Partnership, the Indigenous Early Childhood Development National Partnership, Remote Service Delivery National Partnership, the Smarter Schools - Improving Teacher Quality National Partnership, the Smarter Schools - Low Socio-economic Status School Communities National Partnership and the Smarter Schools - Literacy and Numeracy National Partnership, the Youth Attainment and Transitions National Partnership and other agreements. Commitments made in these national partnerships and agreements are brought together in the Plan with a number of new and continuing complementary measures to close the gap between the educational outcomes of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students and other students. The Plan builds upon Australian Directions in Indigenous Education 2005-2008 (MCEETYA, 2006), which focused national effort in improving Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander educational outcomes. It is informed by a review of Australian Directions commissioned by MCEECDYA and undertaken by prominent Aboriginal academics from across Australia (University of SA, 2009).