Abstract: The early waves of marketising reform in Australian government service delivery were relatively slow to impact on policies and programs targeting First Nations people. The portfolio of Indigenous Affairs is widely recognised as a highly complex area of policymaking, given the challenges of service delivery in remote areas, the language and cultural barriers and the long-term impacts of processes of colonisation, dispossession, exclusion and marginalisation. For many decades, the Commonwealth Government funded separate delivery of services and programs for First Nations people and supported a broad policy approach based on Indigenous self-determination. However, since the Howard era, marketisation in social services has been increasingly applied to Indigenous services and separate policy delivery has been replaced with 'mainstreaming' of services.